Indian Bpos Essay - 906 Words

Case Study- Indian BPOs- Waking up to the Philippines Opportunity 1. How has the global economic downturn, discussed in the opening profile and throughout this chapter, impacted jobs outsourcing in the BPO industry? The global economic downturn has impacted jobs outsourcing in the BPO industry as it has helped to be one of the largest job creators in India. Due to this, many companies had to increase their operations output and therefore employ more and more people to keep up with the expanding trend. One of the major impacts, being growth and maturity, had an effect on the BPO industry and contributed to the outsourcing companies and continued growth of the industry. The IT and BPO outsourcing boom created a huge impact in the Indian†¦show more content†¦It is important to continue to attract employees but also maintain existing ones, especially with job outsourcing, as it is cheap labour you still need to ensure employees are looked after properly. Personal choice and decision making is another trend that will always be required as that is what keeps companies competitive. With regards to the BPO industry in India and the Philippines, this applies as the Philippines are becoming more competitive. Companies may start choosing the Philippines over India as they have better language skills and less additional costs. The change in demographics and the rise of the knowledge economy is another trend as companies want to outsource to countries where the workers are more skilled and have a better grasp of the English language, this again relates to Philippines over India. 3. What are the effects of the Indian government policies on the Indian BPO industry and on MNC decisions regarding locations for outsourcing jobs? Locations for outsourcing jobs is very important as companies need to decide what is going to be the cheapest option but also the most beneficial in terms of maintaining their remaining clients and customers, there tends to be quite high volume complaints when it comes to outsourcing jobs, problems can arise often due to language barriers, so choosing the best locationShow MoreRelatedIndian Bpos- Waking Up the Philippines Opportunity Case Analysis776 Words   |  4 Pagesmake much more money in the Phillipines with the same customer satisfaction. IV. Alternatives- If India wants to keep BPO’s around, they need to start flirting with the idea of re-instating the tax abatement as well as having the government pick up the transportation costs. V. Recommendations- If I am the decision maker in the Indian government, I do not want the BPO’s to pick up and move all their money to another country. 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In essence, as described Mukherjee, it is the complexity of definitive features for a successful BPO for Multi-National Companies (MNC) and the lack of regulative measure of examina tion and control of theRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions Scenario in It/Ites in India4035 Words   |  17 Pagessuccess story of Indian IT/BPO is attracting a lot of growth opportunities. To achieve it potential the industry is taking an inorganic route to meet its demands. The industry has been much concentrating on the fast growing US market. With the subprime crisis, and the world on the brink of recession, it remains to be seen if the industry will still sustain its rapid growth. Every bad scenario has a built in opportunity in it. Likewise here the recession may prove to be a boon for the BPO’s. The focus onRead MoreIndian BPO Associations912 Words   |  4 Pagesis primarily due to the route that there is a prepared availability of considerable measures of advantages acquainted with English and the consistent and persisting tries put in by the associations in India that do BPO work. Further, the way that Indians are general taught (by Asian models) and that there is a humungous arrangement of benefits who have graduated good to go and enhancement has intimated that the BPO story took off in right earnest in India. Added to this is the way that the demographicsRead MoreA Study of Recruitment Selection Process in Bank1103 Words   |  5 Pagescosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has even reached to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India’s progress. During the first phase of financial reforms, there was a nationalization of 14 major banks in 1969. This crucial step led to a shift from Class banking to Mass banking. Since then the growth of the banking industry in India has been a continuous process. The Government’s regular policy for Indian bank since 1969 has paid rich dividendsRead MoreTotal Solutions Of A Project Management Company2185 Words   |  9 PagesThe graph mentioned above depicts an increase in the number of opportunities for Indian Markets in BPO industry from all over the world. India has emerged to be the top as the biggest destination for call centre/ BPO industry in comparison with other countries like Malaysia, China, Pakistan and Russia etc. Such a tremendous increase in this industry in India has attracted many western countries to establish its BPO’s in India. Government Departments of more than 18 states in USA have outsourced itsRead MoreCase Study1945 Words   |  8 Pagesgeographies. In the more mature outsourcing market of today, it is not simply the numbers of English-speaking engineers that has resulted in India being the destination of choice. Indian IT companies are offering more to customers, a wider range of services, more quality, more RD talent – and all of this at a lower price. Indian IT companies have started offering BPO, consulting, testing, engineering services, infrastructure management etc. For those companies still preferring to set up captive unitsRead MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14505 Words   |  59 Pagesstyle is humble and straight-forward, quite uncommon in the world of Indian business. Narayana Murthy believes in sharing wealth with his employees and in leading by example. In a knowledge-based business like Infosys, he sees the importance of consistency in rhetoric and action in empowering employees. Narayana Murthy is credited with creating a culture of closeness and empowerment at Infosys. His management style, rare among Indian business leaders, is based on western management. The other founding

Obama Hits 50% Approval Rating in Poll by David Jackson Article

Essays on Obama Hits 50% Approval Rating in Poll by David Jackson Article The paper "Obama Hits 50% Approval Rating in Poll by David Jackson" is a delightful example of an article on politics. The news article is about recently released poll results in relation to the rating of the United States of America president Barrack Obama. The polls were conducted by the new Washington Post-ABC News poll in December. The current survey ratings are considered as the highest since a similar poll was conducted in 2013. Thus, the polls indicated that President Obama’s rating had hit 50%. This was considered as a relief to the Americans who are keen on how the president will address the key issues that affect them as a state. The polls were conducted as a result of voters granting Republicans authority over the senate and an increased GOP majority in the U.S. House. According to the polls the ratings of president Obama improved considerably as a result of perceived good economic improvements. In addition, the poll reflected a further sharp divide among the Americ ans along Democratic and Republican lines. However, the article gave more hope of the two sides of the political divide to overcome their political differences and pave way for political stability and tolerance in the United States. It was therefore evident that President Obama’s ratings had greatly improved since November 2014 as a result of the president’s zeal in resolving such issues as immigration and climate change within the context of the United States. According to the polls, the ratings of president Obama could further improve in the future if he successfully addresses various issues that affect the Americans. In addition, the unity and political stability among the Republicans and Democrats are crucial in American politics (David, 2015).

Xox Supply Chain Free Essays

string(194) " decisions on developing the Xbox 360 was no longer based on their desire to get into selling hardware and simply offering a gaming console, but more on their goal of increasing software sales\." Answer the following questions in relation to Xbox case: Lee, Hau; Hoyt David W. and Holloway, Chuck, â€Å"Evolution of the Xbox Supply Chain† * Who are the various stakeholders for Xbox that formed the Microsoft ecosystem while developing the supply chain business strategy for Xbox? * What were the challenges faced by Xbox when it first launched Xbox? * How did this compare to the launch of Xbox 360? * Did they consider any changes in the supply chain? Essay: Xbox Stakeholders Microsoft’s Xbox project was started by a group of gamers in 1999 so that they can also develop a gaming console which threatened the performance of the home PC market. The Xbox project consisted of both internal and external stakeholders who had either a direct or indirect â€Å"stake† in the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Xox Supply Chain or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stakeholders include the Microsoft employees (i. e. , Xbox project team, Microsoft executives), shareholders, suppliers (e. g. , Intel, Nvidia), contract manufacturers (i. e. , Flextronics, Wistron Corp, Celestica), game developers, designers (i. , Astro Studios), distributors, broadband providers, retailers and customers. The stakeholders of the Xbox project can be visualized in terms of their position in Microsoft’s extended supply chain, shown in Figure 1. 0 below. Figure 1. 0 Microsoft’s Xbox supply chain Challenges with Original Xbox Microsoft encountered many challenges when launching the original Xbox in 2001. To better understand the challenges in the original Xbox, we can adopt the SOSTAC (Situation analysis, Objective Setting, Strategy, Tactics, Actions and Control) approach. Situation Analysis. Microsoft did not have a presence in the gaming console market and was up against strong competitors which already had established markets such as Sony (Playstation) and Nintendo (GameCube). This competitive landscape put them in a position wherein they needed to develop a product that offered features that were comparable to existing products in the marketplace which was perfectly priced to establish themselves in the market. Moreover, Microsoft recognized that it was critical to launch in time for the 2001 holiday eason to allow them to have a presence in the marketplace before they became up against the â€Å"next-generation product†. Thus, Microsoft’s early challenges came at a price of high production ramp up costs, where they needed to produce 100,000 consoles in a week in order to launch the new Xbox in time for the Christmas. Objective. The short-term objectives of developing the original Xbox was primarily aimed at entering the gaming consol e market, learning from the experience and paving way for the next generation of products. Strategy. Microsoft adapted a push supply chain strategy using an extended supply chain. They developed their products based on existing game consoles with added features, most of which were built to compete against Sony PS2. In addition to a having features similar to other gaming consoles available in the market, the Xbox had other features such as allowing Xbox to play DVDs, and a built-in modem which in 2002 was used to launch Xbox live. Tactics. Microsoft lacked the competency in building hardware –neither did it have exposure to designing and manufacturing hardware that can be used as a game console nor did it have any experience with the game console market. Hence, Microsoft decided to form strategic partnerships with preferred contract manufacturers who can deliver the products for them because they did not have the time to deal with unproven vendors and risky designs. Actions. Microsoft also took into account the location of manufacturing facilities in their selection of contract manufacturers to allow to take into account the logistics of to shipping products quickly to the US and European markets and decided to find plants in Mexico and Hungary. Logistics is the time-related positioning or resource, or the strategic management of the total supply chain. The supply chain is a sequence of events intended to satisfy a customer: It can include procurement, manufacture, distribution, and waste disposal, together with associated transport, storage and information technology(Chaffey, 2002). Microsoft’s Xbox had over one thousand (1000) components and forty-five (45) of which were critical components that was only available from a single supplier. The Xbox also required several parts with high technical performance requirements (e. . , processing speed, graphics resolution, memory requirement and internet access). The high dependence on Microsoft’s suppliers made it necessary to integrate the information exchange with its key suppliers. Thus, Microsoft decided to require co-investments from its suppliers and electronics manufacturing services (EMS) to improve the coordination among the various groups. This suggests tha t Microsoft recognized the need for using technology to improve the flow of information and adapted some form of technology to manage the relationship with various intermediaries. Control. While the case did not provide enough data to see how Microsoft measured the outcome, it can be inferred from the changes they made to the launch Xbox 360 that they did some reviews internally so that they can make the necessary changes. Unfortunately, Microsoft had very little time to learn to how to manage the supply networks — â€Å"[t]he coordination of all supply activities of an organization from its suppliers and partners to its customers†(Chaffey, 2002, p. 335). While they adopted a push approach to supply chain management, which is typically suggests that the production processes are aimed at cost and efficiency, Microsoft was up against significant challenges that made it difficult to be cost effective. In the end, Microsoft’s investment in the Xbox is higher than the expected sale price of the product — i. e. , the costs for producing the Xbox hardware were estimated to be at $450, when retail price for the Xbox was only at $299. 00. Profitability was therefore dependent on driving the costs down for the Xbox console and sales from selling games. Differences between Original Xbox and Xbox 360 and Supply Chain Changes Situation. When Microsoft launched Xbox 360, gaming had already become a big part of the home entertainment and broadband access was substantially higher. Microsoft also had a better understanding of what games were needed in each country because they had already established a presence in the market. Objective. Microsoft’s decisions on developing the Xbox 360 was no longer based on their desire to get into selling hardware and simply offering a gaming console, but more on their goal of increasing software sales. You read "Xox Supply Chain" in category "Papers" So, Microsoft developed the new system in such a way that can be a central part of home entertainment thereby incorporating other features such as internet access. Strategy. In launching Xbox 360, Microsoft planned a global launch, which no other company had done before, so that Xbox 360 can be made available in all major markets before Sony would have a chance to launch PS3. Implementing a global strategy posed two large risks for Microsoft. To mitigate this risk, Microsoft also implemented some risk management techniques. Risk management is intended to identify potential risks in a range of situations and then take actions to minimize risk† (Chaffey, 2002, p. 599). It involves several stages which include the identification of risks, possible solutions, implementing the solutions that target high-impact risks and monitoring them for the future. First, was related to the fact that the Xbox required complementary products for it to be enjoyed and their biggest concern was wheth er there would be sufficient game titles available at the same time. Thus, Microsoft lined up game developers who could develop new games. For this task, Microsoft had a better appreciation of game types needed in each country based on the original Xbox experience, nonetheless ensuring that the games were ready had various timing issues. The unavailability of games in a particular country would mean a decrease of sales of consoles and would have a significant impact on the profitability of Microsoft. Second, Microsoft faced the risk of success where the supply of gaming consoles would not be sufficient to keep up with demand. Foreseeable, this can manifest itself in different ways but both negatively impacting their ability to acquire new customers. This suggests that Microsoft recognized the implication of complementary products to allow them to take advantage of the network effects. For Microsoft, the worse case scenario is for Microsoft to miss customer expectations and put them at risk for losing their customers. Another scenario is if their demand calculations were off and end up with an over/under supply of gaming consoles in one area. Tactics. As soon as the original Xbox was launched, Microsoft started working on the next generation of Xbox and required the new model to have high definition capability, high storage capacity and access to the internet. Unlike the earlier launch of the Xbox, where Microsoft delivered a superior product whose features that came at the expense of cost, Microsoft included cost considerations as part of their new strategy. This time, Microsoft also wanted to take advantage of the timing, pricing and exploiting the relationships with complementary product. Actions. Microsoft made three changes in its supply chain management to drive down costs: (1) change the location of its manufacturing facilities; (2) increase the number of EMS suppliers; and (3) chip contracting. First, when launching the original Xbox, Microsoft decided to select manufacturing facilities that were geographically near the customers in order to quickly deliver the products to facilitate fast product introduction. However, in launching Xbox 360, Microsoft decided to take advantage of a less expensive option by switching the facility location from Mexico and Hungary to China. While this meant an increased risk in fulfilling orders in time for a global launch, the firm was able to leverage lower labor rates from a place where the infrastructure was already available for electronic manufacturing. Second, by permitting multiple EMS suppliers, Microsoft was able to ensure that they had enough manufacturers who would be able to fulfill the orders. This also provided the ability to negotiate as compared with being dependent on a single supplier at Xbox launch. This helped Microsoft manage the supplier vender lock-in that they had originally and arrest the possible increase in switching costs such as search costs, specialized suppliers, contractual commitment (Shapiro amp; Varian, 1998). Third, Microsoft decided that it was best to take ownership of the design of the chip (which was previously owned and designed by Nvidia and Intel) and source its parts from the supply chain. This disintermediation strategy in their supply chain made it possible for Microsoft to be in a better position to control costs over the product’s lifetime. Moreover, this strategy is consistent with what is usually referred to as an outside-in outsourcing activity so that they can build up skills internally and manage this area. Microsoft was also able to compress the design cycle by engaging in concurrent design development activities which included a closer link between and manufacturing, continuous testing and iterative redesign. This was a change from Microsoft’s original Xbox strategy which had significant system and supplier level lock-in effects for Microsoft because Nvidia and Intel owned and designed the chips. While the dual sourcing strategy minimized the risks of lock-in at the supplier level, they were still locked-in at the system level where Microsoft had to contend with any enhancements or changes in the design of the chips. Microsoft also used HDTV technologies that was available in the market, while Sony (being a hardware company) decided to bet on Blu-Ray to allow it to establish it as the new DVD standard for high-definition. In hindsight, Microsoft’s decision provided them a one-year head start in third generation consoles because Sony’s Blu-Ray decision caused a significant delay in Sony’s PS3 launch. By betting on Blu-Ray, Sony was betting on standards change to increase their competitive advantage. Control. As discussed previously, the case did not provide enough data to see how Microsoft measured control. Japanese Automakers’ Supply Chain Structures The disintermediation strategy that Microsoft took gives some insight to classic â€Å"make or buy† arguments that companies make in determining where to source their supplies. In contrast to Microsoft’s decision to do things themselves, â€Å"Japanese automakers apparently assume that quality, delivery, inventories, and related costs can be better governed by the purchasing department in a buy situation, than by making it yourself. † (Deming, 1982, p. 7). However, for them to control the quality they require invariably have demanding expectations from their suppliers. The expectations include: (1) exceptional quality requirements; (2) reliable just-in-time deliver; (3) exact quantities – no over- or under-runs; and (4) continuously improving productivity resulting in long-term cost reductions (Deming, 198 2, p. 48). In return for the high investments on the part of their suppliers, they have production contracts that are usually long-term (as long as six years), and may include requirements for product design and testing. For the Japanese automakers, they have â€Å"arms around relationship† where they embrace the lock-in effects with their suppliers instead of â€Å"arms-length transactions† which rely on the spot-market. The Japanese auto manufacturers are more likely to engage in vertical disintegration and outsourcing of processes to a network of suppliers. For example, in the case of Honda, they engage in strategic alliances with first tier suppliers whom they are said to have a strong â€Å"close relationship through shared history† (Choi amp; Hong, 2002, p. 78). They are said to have approximately 400 â€Å"core† suppliers and a number of indirect suppliers which all contribute to the production of 400,000 units of Accord models each year (Choi amp; Hong, 2002). Another example is Acura, where the structure of their network is very complex with 76 entities in the supply network (i. e. , 1 first-tier, 20, second-tier, 28 third-tier, 17 fourth-tier, 9 fifth-tier, and 1 six-tier) to produce their Acura CL/TL center console alone (Choi amp; Hong, 2002). Another example is Toyota, a company that is recognized worldwide for adopting lean management principles in its supply chain. Toyota has various stakeholders that contribute to the success of the supply chain namely: Domestic Suppliers; Overseas suppliers; Parts Centers; Toyota Plants; Distributors; Kyohans; Dealers; Repair Shops; Parts Jobbers; Customers. SOSTAC Analysis of Toyota To better appreciate how supply chain strategies differ, we can also adopt the SOSTAC model to explain Toyota’s strategy. Situation Analysis. Toyota is an established car manufacturer that has been in existence since 1937. Toyota offers a full range of models – from mini-vehicles to trucks. Toyota believes that their long-term success is based on loyal customers. Toyota manages using the Toyota Way, which is underpinned by two pillars, continuous improvement and respect for people. Toyota believes that the Toyota Way should be used in interactions because they believe that their success is not created by individual efforts but rather as a team. Objective. Toyota’s supply chain objective is to establish strong links to its customers, dealers and channels. Strategy. Toyota created an efficient network so that it can deliver excellent service to its customers. Their close interrelationship between various parts of the chain suggests that they engage in a pull strategy and their supply chain can be viewed in terms of Figure 2. 0 below. Figure 2. 0 Toyota’s supply chain Tactics. Toyota developed its own Toyota Production System where they introduced various manufacturing techniques such as Just-In-Time, Kaizen (continuous improvement). Toyota makes strategic alliance with its partners and puts an emphasis on long-term relationships. Toyota’s manufacturing processes is also developed so that each plant serves a local market and at least another market across the world. While this tactic can be seen as a logistical decision, it is also driven by various risk considerations. It is driven by a financial consideration so that it can hedge exchange-rate risks and shift production when exchange rates increase (Chopra amp; Sodhi, 2004, p. 345). It is also driven by capacity considerations so that idle capacity is mitigated by ensuring that more than one market are supported by the plants to deal with demand fluctuations(Chopra amp; Sodhi, 2004). Action. Toyota ensures that both the upstream and downstream supply chains are highly efficient networks. For its upstream supply chain, Toyota not only engages in activities that ensure that information flows across its suppliers, but also engages in various activities geared toward promoting a shared network identity among its suppliers. More specifically, Toyota created network-level processes to ensure that they share a social community, network norms and knowledge (Dyer amp; Nobeoka, 2000, p. 352). To implement this, Toyota has established various supplier associations (kyohokai) since 1943 so that they can have â€Å"(1) information exchange between member companies and Toyota, (2) mutual development and training among member companies, and (3) socializing events†(Dyer amp; Nobeoka, 2000). † For its downstream supply chain, Toyota is dependent on its dealers to distribute new and used vehicles, as well as servicing for its profitability. Toyota manages its dealers with three principles: (1) Independence of dealers as outside investors; (2) Winning jointly; (3) Encouraging competition among channels. This approach encourages their dealers to make independent decisions and be proactive in making improvements. Toyota help the dealers make decisions toward investing in areas necessary to improve so that they can be both successful. Toyota embraced lean manufacturing techniques to keep costs down. Not only do they apply these principles in their manufacturing of cars, but they also apply this in other areas of their supply chain. For example, they use kyohans to allow their dealers to maintain a low level of parts supply. The use of an intermediary to have a central control of parts allows the network some flexibility so that parts do not sit idly at dealers at the same time allow Toyota to move the parts to dealers that need them. Kyohans can order supplies of stocks once a day, and supplies them to the dealers 3-4 times a day. In case the stock is unavailable, kyohans can put in an emergency stock request which can be fulfilled by a domestic distributor within half a day to a day or an international distributor in under 5 days. Toyota also promotes continuous improvement through a concept they refer to as kaizen. This process allows them to improve their operations through innovation, organizational learning and standardization of processes. For example, a mandatory bi-annual inspections of cars for registration at the service facilities usually takes 2-3 hours. The length of time it took was largely dependent on skills and experiences of the service technician in charge of the inspection. After applying kaizen principles, Toyota was able to streamline and standardize the inspection process so that inspections would only take 45 minutes. Control. Toyota conducts performance measurements at predetermined timeframes. For instance they do annual reviews wherein they apply some ranking and rating mechanism to evaluate their dealers. The dealers are measured in terms of sales volume of new and used cars, after-service sales service, customer satisfaction, number of showrooms, number of service centers, number of staff, and profitability. Discussion There are various approaches to managing the supply chain of a firm. The decision to adopt one over another is highly depended on the long-term strategic goals of the corporation. From the Microsoft’s Xbox case, we can see that sometimes firm make costly decisions in the process of launching a product to gain foothold in the market place. It is then ultimately up to the firm to learn form the process and as an organization learn from the experience and make the necessary changes. Microsoft adopted two distinct approaches in managing their supply chain based on their short- and long-term objectives. In the launching Xbox, they were highly dependent on the expertise of their suppliers so that they can launch the Xbox in time for the 2001 holiday sales. This enabled the firm to learn from their experience so that they can come up with a new strategy to launch the next generation gaming console. Microsoft’s disintermediation strategy appears to minimize lock-in effects with suppliers so that they can take advantage of spot-markets and ultimately lower their costs. Interestingly, in the case of Toyota, they took a very different approach from Microsoft even when their objective was also to minimize production costs. Instead of relying on spot-markets, they embraced lock-in and invested in long-term relationships with its suppliers. This approach allowed them to make continuous improvements across multiple suppliers by sharing knowledge and information among the upstream and downstream processes. The increased information flows across the network was made possible by the use of various e-supply and e-demand applications. From the Toyota case, it can also be seen that a highly integrated supply chain that shares information, expertise across the firm can take advantage of minimized costs and profitability. It can also be gleaned from this case the importance of trust and respect because the members of the supply chain has access to critical information that can be detrimental to the other partners if opportunistic behavior arises. Chaffey, D. (2002). E-business and E-commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Choi, T. Y. , amp; Hong, Y. (2002). Unveiling the structure of supply networks: case studies in Honda Acura, and Daimler Chrysler. Journal of Operations Management, 20, 469-493. Chopra, S. , amp; Sodhi, M. S. (2004). Managing Risk To Avoid Supply-Chain Breakdown. MIT Sloan Management Review(Fall 2004), 53-61. Deming, W. E. (1982). Out of the crisis: Quality Productivity and Competitive Position. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dyer, J. H. , amp; Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and Manageing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 345-367. Shapiro, C. , amp; Varian, H. (1998). Network and positive feedback – How to exploit Network effects. In H. B. S. Press (Ed. ), Information rules – A strategic guide to the network economy. (pp. 1-56). How to cite Xox Supply Chain, Papers

Contribute To Firm Financial Performance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Disuses About The Contribute To Firm Financial Performance? Answer: Introducation At Microsoft, every policy and ethics are reflections of the organisations commitment for making the world a digital and better place. The reflection enthusiast the employees of Microsoft to work hard and their hard work are reflected in the companys all over expansion in the present world. Microsoft has taken the responsibility to provide the world the top services and their responsibility addresses the economic and social issues in the present world (Hoi, Wu Zhang, 2013). The principle aim of Microsoft is to earn the trust of more customers with proper decision-making and empower organisations and individuals. The responsibility of Microsoft extends to safeguard the future of the planet (Microsoft.com. (2017).The company focuses on achieving the long lasting impact of their product on the planet. This company highlights the importance of technology for creating a world of digitalization. Dedication is the main key that the company utilizes to bring more uniqueness in the relations hip with their customers. The citizenship mission of Microsoft largely observes the whole activities of the corporate social responsibility of Microsoft, which is to serve globally the needs of communities and fulfil the responsibility towards the public. Microsoft owner Bill Gates has also founded many foundations that also serve the perception of common people quite largely. Among all the employees 90 % of them are eligible for getting incentives, more than 99% of them has under gone the training of standard of business conduct in the year of 2016, almost 11700 employees have already enrolled them in the process of employee feedback and have already provided feedback using the same (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). Among the large number of employees working in Microsoft, 92% in a survey displayed their proud feeling for being an employee of Microsoft and 87% recommended Microsoft for having the most effective workplace. In the year of 2016, Microsoft formally committed to human rights as participant of United Nati ons global compact (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The business strategy of the company can be named as product differentiation and this is because the company is used to developing of the products that are technologically advanced and then selling the same for specific costs. The present strategy of the company is to increase their expansion through mergers and acquisitions and even by increasing the business opportunities. However, the weaknesses of the company are weak internet browser, less innovation and dependency on hardware for manufacturing their products. In the past year, the company has generated 86USD billion for revenue and 53 billion for gross margin and the rest of 21 billion for income operation (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). Microsoft is marked for having the second largest certified privacy professionals compared to the other companies. Microsoft has specific employees who take care of the breaches of the company policy and other employees to look after maintaining the s ustainability in the company. The company maintains their commitment of advancement by evaluating the supplier operation of 23 ethical risks as well as social and environmental. Microsoft pursues a belief that technology leads the world towards achieving a sustainable future by empowering more people and organisation. The company uses technology in order to minimize the environmental impact. The company has taken responsibility to initiate ways that will help them establish a sustainable future for the world (Magdani, 2016). Sustainability is a major concern of the company and this is because the company wants to have a sustainable future. For these they have started funding for the sustainable development. The initiative of power of data and analytics that the company uses installs insight among the customers and empowers them for achieving sustainability is transportation, water system and others. The investment of Microsoft helps the customers for managing the resources with big data power (Berg Sheehan, 2014). The company is engaged in a large competitive industry that has many fluctuations within the market technologies and even among the strategies used by the companies. The company generates constant revenue from the every existing products in the market and Microsoft has kept their commitment by ensuring that they spend a huge amount of capital on market research as well as initializing development of the market. Microsoft is among the leading organizations in terms of the CSR activities which has contributed much to the society and it has done great work in the anguish stricken regions all around the world largely (Tai Chuang, 2014). However, to turn itself into a responsible corporate citizen and contribute largely to the society it is essential for the organization to maintain their sustainability in the market by enhancing and continuing their initiatives. Microsoft has marked them as an organization that has been able to generate many business o pportunities for other companies in the market across the globe (Janssen, Sen Bhattacharya, 2015). Microsoft is fully committed towards environmentally sustainable practices for their businesses. Microsoft is an organization who has considered the usage of the corporate social responsibility as an integral aspect of the business model of the organization. There are mainly four types of corporate social responsibility and they are economic CSR, legal CSR, ethical CSR and philanthropic CSR (Tai Chuang, 2014). Most of the countries in the world are using a single bottom where the primary purpose of the organization is fulfilling the goals and objectives of the organization set by the stakeholders. However, recently large numbers of companies are using a double bottom line and triple bottom line to incorporate the corporate social responsibility in to the business model of the organization. Microsoft is one of the leading organizations in the CSR activities who has contributed a lot to the society and has done great works in the grief stricken regions all around the world. However, i n order to become a responsible corporate citizen and contribute to the society it is essential for the organization to maintain their sustainability in the market. Thus, economic CSR is one of the major factors, which will help the organization in maintaining the sustainability of the organizations in the market (Suliman, Al-Khatib Thomas, 2016). Microsoft has made use of the innovation in the business model and products, which has helped them to generate more revenue in the fiscal year of 2016. The management of the organization has two-way communication with Bill Gates as the charismatic leader who has been able to transform the organization (Saeidi et al., 2015). The organization is following a transformative leadership pattern where the employees are encouraged to share their opinions and use innovation to make the technology even better. Microsoft is such an organization who has been able to generate business opportunities for other companies in the market. The organization provides their employees with a lot of benefits and flexibility, which helps to create a motivated diverse workforce (Boulouta Pitelis, 2014). The organization considers the workforce as the one of the important aspect of the organization as the workforce of an organization can increase the productivity of the organization and at the same time will h elp in gaining competitive advantage in the market. Microsoft is the major contributors in all the natural disasters the world has faced and has aided the people with all their resources, which show that how strong the organizations sustainability is. The company has started the commercial cloud, which has generated a lot of revenue for the company, and Office 365 is one of the biggest success for the organization as it has hit 23.1 million subscribers in the market. The revenue of the Microsoft azure also grew by 113% and the use of the SQL database has simultaneously increased to a different level (Microsoft.com., 2017). The company was able to acquire the company named LinkedIn in June 2016 at a price of $26.2 billion (Microsoft.com., 2017). The company is involved in a highly competitive industry where there are lot of fluctuations in the market technologies and the strategies used by the companies. The company is generating constant revenue from the all the products in the mark et and Microsoft has made sure that they spent a lot of capital on research and development of the market. This helps them to come up with new technologies, which provides them with competitive advantage in the market. Thus, it can said that even though contributing back to the society is the responsibility of all organizations but one thing that has to be taken in to account maintain the economic condition of the company should be the primary goal of every organization in the market. Hence, it can be concluded that, the economic CSR of Microsoft is still expanding and for maintaining sustainability, it is very important to enhance the corporate social responsibility activities of CSR and that will help in keeping the commitment of the company regarding a sustainable future. As sustainability is a major concern of Microsoft, the company has largely played a role in practising of ways that will lead to sustainable future for the world. Microsoftas an organization considers that workforce is one of the important aspect required for every organization as mainly the workforce of any organization is able to help in increasing the productivity of the organization and at the same time help in gaining and increasing the competitive advantage in the market. Microsoft is one of the major contributors for all the natural disasters the world faces and has been aiding the people with all their required resources, which is a strong example of how strong and powerful the sustain ability of Microsoft is and how they manage it. References: Berg, K. T., Sheehan, K. B. (2014). 7 Social Media as a CSR Communication Channel.Ethical practice of social media in public relations, 99. Boulouta, I., Pitelis, C. N. (2014). Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness.Journal of Business Ethics,119(3), 349-364. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014). A new day for sustainability: is your company ready to take on increased responsibility for its activities throughout the globe?.Strategic Finance,96(1), 25-34. Hoi, C. K., Wu, Q., Zhang, H. (2013). Is corporate social responsibility (CSR) associated with tax avoidance? Evidence from irresponsible CSR activities.The Accounting Review,88(6), 2025-2059. Janssen, C., Sen, S., Bhattacharya, C. B. (2015). Corporate crises in the age of corporate social responsibility.Business Horizons,58(2), 183-192. Magdani, N. (2016). Design for deconstruction: director of sustainability, BAM Construct UK, Hemel Hempstead.Nature,531(7595), 436-437. Microsoft.com. (2017).Microsoft 2016 Annual Report.Microsoft.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017, from https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar16/index.html Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), 341-350. Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., Thomas, S. E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117.

Fremount High School free essay sample

Jonathan Kozol is a well-known advocate for social injustice and public education. He is an educator, activist, and writer. He advocates through his writing. One of his articles was about a High school in a well-recognized city across the United States of America. The 8 page article referring to Fremont High School, Fremont High school is between San Pedro Street and Avalon Boulevard in South central Los Angeles. In this city, Fremont High School is known as a friendly school, with an eight hour schedule. Jonathan Kozol visited Fremont high during the spring of 2003. An eight foot high fence with spikes on the top, are what separate Fremont High from the city. School windows are shielded or boarded from gunfire to keep the students safe. Some classes are taught in portables or storage rooms. Some storage rooms do not even have windows and this is where the students are being taught. Students at Fremont are given thirty minutes for lunch and are all fed together at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Fremount High School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many students don’t even bother to eat, due to the limited time they get and the conditions they are in. Rodents run freely in Fremont high. Hamburger buns have rat bite marks and rat droppings have been found around the school. At Fremont only one or two bathrooms are operational and there are fifteen bathrooms short that are required by the law. Since there only a few restrooms available the lines are tremendously long, students don’t get to use the bathroom at times, and are usually late for class. In most cases the facilities are unclean and lacking basic toiletries. Some parts of the high school lacks proper ventilation system for students such air conditioning; students have been known to turn red and nauseated. Also students who want certain classes such as the advanced placement courses and college courses are not able to get them. The library is almost always closed throughout the year. Conclusively, two thirds of ninth of grade students drop out before receiving a diploma or reaching the twelfth grade. Ironically, Fremont High School is known as the friendly school of South Central Los Angeles. However this high school shouldn’t be even considered to be a functional public facility, let alone be open as a learning establishment. Imagine not having basic toiletries, not having enough time to eat or being taught in small storage closet without ventilation. I can understand and doesnt surprise my why so many students drop out from Fremont High. It hurts to hear what those students face on a daily basis. While I was reading this article about this terrible school, the words sickened me. It left me feeling shocked and wanting to find out more about this school. So I did, I found out that Fremont high closed at one point for reconstruction a year or two after this article and is open now. Almost everything that had a negative effect such conditions changed as well as some new curricular courses. My conclusion on the article that Jonathan Kozol wrote referring to Fremont High is that this article was needed to help make a positive change in the education Fremont provided. The conditions of the school were improved and they are working on ways to help students stay in school and not drop out. Before the conditions were improved, I could hardly believe that a school being in the U. S could have such terrible conditions and still be open. At the time of this article was written Fremont high was a bad school, not in the sense that the teachers didn’t care for the students or the students missed behaved, but in the sense that government needed to provide more funds to the school to help the school function properly. In time the school closed for reconstruction for a few months, and now students are attending the school right now in adequate learning conditions. When people say Jonathan Kozol is an advocate for public education it’s the truth because without this article much of the public would have not known about the problems occurring in Fremont High. I believe he deserves much more recognition in the things he does to help in prove the learning of others. He is a great example of how one person can make a change for the good of others.

History of the Violin essays

History of the Violin essays The history of the violin in its physical development is about as interesting and diverse as the history of its social standing. On the one hand it was seen as a lowly instrument not worthy of genteel time, while on the other it rose with leaps and bounds in social standing during the 17th century. Even today the instrument still fascinates and even obsesses According to Gheerardyn, the violin originated in the form of three historical instruments: the rebec, the Renaissance fiddle, and the lira da braccio. The first can be traced back to the 13th century and included treble, alto-tenor and bass instruments. Its pear shape featured no sound post, while the neck and peg box were integrated with the instrument itself. Three strings were tuned in fifths, whereas its sound was reminiscent of the oboe (Gheerardyn). The Renaissance fiddle originates from approximately the 16th century. It included five strings and a violin- like shape. Its top and back were connected with ribs, whereas the neck and fingerboard were separate. It only included the soprano register. The third, the lira da braccio, was more versatile than the Renaissance fiddle, in that it was manufactured in a variety of sizes. Its back and top were arched, with overlapping edges. Ribs and a sound post were supplemented with four c-shaped sound holes. Of its seven strings, two were drones The violin emerged from a combination of the three above instruments, and several advantages soon favored it for popularity. There was for example its greater sonority, the ease of playing and tuning, and more sensible fingering (Gheerardyn). They were also lighter, smaller and easier to carry when played at festive events such as weddings, dances and mummeries, in addition to which the particularly well-tuned sound was a Violins as they are known today evolved starting around 1520 in northern Italy (S...

ECRM and Touch Points Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECRM and Touch Points - Assignment Example The first strategy component must be operational to help in sharing of information. It implies business operations also run efficiently. Second, maintenance of long-term relationships with clients requires an analytical strategy (Kincaid, 2003). Third, entails collaborative efforts that boost communication technology in various departments especially when dealing with other business partners in inter-organizational settings. However, there are also collections methods that are integral when streamlining the business using the eCRM and touch points methodologies. The first involves observation of customer-focused culture within and without the organization. It helps in understanding their tastes and preferences (Parvatiyar & Shainesh, 2001). Second, an adoption of satisfaction benchmarks that evaluates the clients’ suggestions and complaints in terms of service offered. Another collection method encompasses putting recommendation questions that assess the aspects of buying and selling. It, therefore, is imperative to consider company needs as part of CRM systems that help in estimating the customer strategy (Sagadevan, 2003). This is because it streamlines the company budget through provision of CRM solutions that include broadening the sales to enhance flexibility. Overall, customer-centered services remain the most important part of customization and product configuration in the use of information technology

Virtual Team Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Team Management - Research Paper Example Research and Development Ââ€" virtual teams offer an environment for enhancing innovations in R&D and also bring in knowledge spillovers in the organizations bridging place and time. Therefore, involving the R&D functional area in a virtual team is not a choice but rather a requirement. The R&D representative conducts the research on the best way to improve the product, organization, and the entire project team.This department operates with a sense of urgency can create and conceptualize quickly. The sales representative will benefit the team and organization by ensuring that the product reaches its intended consumers in the most efficient manner while maximizing profits.Management Ââ€" studies show that virtual teams perform well when executives support the development of the social relationship across the team and thereby enhancing trust among members. The executive management makes sure the team performs optimally and that it returns the expected outcomes.Collaborating with seve ral functional areas in the virtual team have posted some challenges that may slow or inhibit the team's performance. One of these problems is the differences in the cultural background such differing technical skills, and different styles of work. For example, a member from the production area may not have similar technology skill like those with a member from the IT department. This difference brings a challenge in adapting to new communication tools, systems, and applications, as well as learning how to use them.

Self Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Assessment - Essay Example I will try to justify that my goals, personality, and path are compatible with each other. I mentioned earlier that I want to specialize in business and finance. Hence, I think and feel that an MBA is the most logical choice. In general, I want to be rich while deepening my understanding of how money works. By the age of forty, I really desire to accumulate a net asset of at least $100,000,000 and a weekly cash flow of at least $1,000,000. I believe that knowledge of business systems and becoming a businessman will help me achieve this path to glory. Also, by having that amount of cash, I can invest large amount of money in blue-chip stocks, which I really want to do. Essentially, investing for me is like playing a computer game. An MBA, I think, will help me know the rules and determine for myself the optimal decisions to achieve such goals. Once I become successful, I hope of fulfilling my fantasy of being interviewed in CNBC and other financial networks. I concede that there are aspects of an INTJ that do not fit me, but I affirm that many do. For example, I am independent and ruthless. In dealing with people, I really push to have my way and final say on things. So, an INTJ is the closest description available for me. I also believe that an INTJ is well... - Useful. - Creativity. - Very single minded at times - this can be a weakness or a strength. - They can ignore the points of view and wishes of others. - Coherence is the master. - Cost effective. - Relationships which have psychological distance. - Often seem demanding and difficult to satisfy. - Independent. - Hypersensitive to signals of rejection. - Others receive a sense of haste. - Vulnerable in the emotional area and may make serious mistakes here. - When asked to put something together for the first time - a prototype - he is all the more happy, since he is doing that which is most worthwhile. - Abhors unsnarling messes. - Things have to make sense. - Avoids redundancy. - May have difficulty communicating the details of goals. - Prefers not to say anything twice and assumes understanding. - Serious. - NTs tend to be relatively uninterested in acquiring wealth. - NTs usually take family responsibilities seriously. - NTs tend not to "own" the behaviors or bodies of their mates. - NTs' own errors are those which are inexcusable and unforgivable. I concede that there are aspects of an INTJ that do not fit me, but I affirm that many do. For example, I am independent and ruthless. In dealing with people, I really push to have my way and final say on things. So, an INTJ is the closest description available for me. I also believe that an INTJ is well suited for a career in Business and Investments. An INTJ like me is serious. Business is serious. It has no room for people who will slack on things. An MBA, although by no means really represents all aspects of business in the classroom, is serious stuff. You cannot pass it without the necessary seriousness to study and finish all requirements, such as difficult and mind-blowing case

The Information System Implementation Organisation Information Technology Essay

The Information System Implementation Organisation Information Technology Essay One of the most controversial issues which organisations can face is user resistance to changes. Re-organisation is frequently alongside fear and anxiety, because employee would usually encounter the unknown issues. Usually resistance occurs due to some blind spots in approaches as a result of newly introduced ideas. Nowadays, many managers must be involved with new products, new information system, new government rules, growth and industrial and scientific improvements. Therefore, the value of substantial alterations in an organization is inevitable. As a result, many companies or organisations decide that it is good for theirs organization to undertake moderate organisational changes rather than revolutionized changes. So, the management should find ways to help them overcome the users resistance to changes. The failure of many large-scale corporate change programs can be traced directly to employee resistance (H.Bovery and Hede, 2001). The key point to face the problem is to find out the nature causes of resistance accurately. The purpose of the present essay is to demonstrate various types of reasons for resistance to change, and after that analyzing the different ways to choose strategies for implementing an organizational changes attempt to achieve the aim which is what can be done to overcome this resistance? Sources of user resistance: There are many types of causes which would lead to the users resistance to any organizational changes efforts. To identify ways to manage the situation, user resistance to changes created, successfully, it is logical to firstly identify and estimate the attitudes of users in general. To help recognize and estimate the possible reasons for users resistance to changes in an organization, it is wise: To identify type of users who would resist changes, which means if the resistance occurs in individual users or group users. To identify users needs. To identify users attitude and values which they have. To identify users interests. (2) Here, we discuss on some fundamental reasons of resistance to the shifts. Parochial self-interest Users feel they may lose something which can be a value to them, as a result of organizational changes, therefore they resist the shifts. This is generally known as one of the main forms of resistance within the users. Generally users first preference would be to consider their own interests over those which are in favor of the whole organization. In such a case, resistance usually leads into a political behavior. This reaction sometimes occurs through and before organizational changes, this is due to the fact that something may be in the best interests for somebody or some groups and instead that exact thing is not in the best interests of the whole organization.(1) Misunderstanding and lack of trust Sometimes resistance can occure because of lack of trust between the person who governs the change and the employee in the organization who will become the user of the change. In this case users often resist when they do not have a clear understanding of the situation and therefore they may believe that these new implicated alterations might charge them more than they will gain out of these changes. Substantially, in many organization level of trust between employees and managers are low and therefore it is not unexpected for the misunderstanding to exist, when changes are being introduced. In effect in this kind of situations the initiators can manage the situation with clarifying the changes and the gains due to the changes to the employees quickly to eliminate misunderstanding. (1) Different assessments The third fundamental reason that may cause the user to resist organisational change is that people asses the implication and recent condition in a different ways to their initiators or managers. As a result they may think this change may introduce additional charges which can be more than their benefits, not only the immediate charge to themselves but also to their company and organisation as a whole. Managers who set off changes usually guess that, they have all the appropriate information which is necessary to accomplish organisation analysis whereas their assumption may not be correct. In this case the difference in information with regards to the groups involved with may lead to diverse analysis. As a result of this issue many managers think resistance is always bad so they always treat the resistance in a bad way, whereas in a number of cases the analysis of someone who is not initiating the change is more beneficial than the initiators themselves, so in such case the resistance is clearly good for the organisation and company.(1) Low tolerance for change Users also resist the change because they assume they do not have enough ability to develop the necessary skills and behaviour which is required for new implications. As a psychology aspect generally human beings have limited capability to change and the scope of the limits in someone is much lower than the others. This mentioned discussion can go for managers as well. The managers inability to change their behaviour as fast as the organisations needs can lead to inhabit the development of an organisation. In other words, if a manager with inability to change, understand the need for changes in their company, usually they cannot acquit to make a transition as a result of an emotional backlog. All of the previous behaviour occurs due to lack of tolerance for change in personality. Sometimes users understand new situation which emerge because of changes, and they even understand the gains in implementing the changes however they still resist the changes. For instance, new position for an employee in an organisation requires new relationships, new knowledge, and different manners; even though the new position is better than the previous one, many employees still feel uneasy with the whole transition to the new job. Dealing with resistance to change Managers can set up various strategies to overcome users resistance to organisational changes by using the information which can be gathered from analysing the source of their employees resistance. The goal of employing these strategies is to convince the users with the logic behind the change so the user can accept the shift. There are three levels of adaption which are think-feel-do; these types of adaption process present a fine outline which are to be introduced in this stage. (2) Education and communication The very first step that can help the manager to overcome users resistance to change is to educate the employee in the organisation. Communication of ideas about the new situation helps users to understand the logic behind the change. Management can inform users of the benefits of implementing the changes. Often implementation of new information system in an organisation fails because of lack of communication. Since user in many cases assumes that use of the new system is reluctant, top management should provide training which introduce the new system to the users and explain how the new system works and familiarise the users with the other aspects of the new system. For instance in the case of ERP system (enterprise resource planning system is made available support for organisation activities by incorporating set of programs), management should supply awareness for the user that how the ERP system is going to work. For example, management should describe obviouse inputs and outputs of the system and characterize the departments which will supply the data. (2) Participation and involvement Management and initiators of change can usually prevent resistance by involving potential users in some parts of implication of change effort. On the other hand participation resistors has advantage, initiators can use user advice who involves the implication of change. The research found managers have different feeling about participation, first group have a positive perspective and the latter one have negative. Their perspectives lead to different reaction. Some initiators believe that the user should always participate during the change effort, while others have converse idea. Both approaches can create problem in management area. To clarify the effects of the users participation it is wise to illustrate the study which was carried out by Laster Coch and John R.P.French, Jr., in a clothing factory. It is the most systematic study in relation to resistance to the change. The research has been carried out with four different groups who were being paid on an improved piece-rate. Each groups were allocated with different kinds of changes which were implied during work and use different technique to apply them. During the experimental study, researchers considered on all the finding carefully and recorded them to understand what problem creates the resistance to the change. The first group was known as a no-participation method by the researchers. This small group of operators met the staffs in a room where they have described the changes to the operators in details, the reason of the change and explained to the staff that there was a necessity for change in their work. Then, the operators sent back to their work in new situation and with the new techniques. The second group of operators was familiarised with the changes by a participation-through-representation technique. The work change was introduced to third and fourth group by a total-participation method.

Recall Bias in Research Design Essay -- Research Methodology

It is most likely every major text on epidemiology involved in retrospective research is influenced by recall bias. Scientists have identified recall bias to occur when accuracy of recall regarding prior exposure is different for cases versus control (RAPHAEL, 1987). The possibility for recall bias exists whenever historical self-report information is elicited from respondents (RAPHAEL, 1987). Therefore, the potential for the occurrence is likely to be greatest in case-control studies or cross-sectional studies with retrospective elements, as well as some cohort prospective and control randomized trial designs (Hassan, 2006). Since recall bias is an undesired element, intended to potentially distort the study, the initial design of research study needs to implement a proper strategy. In construction of the design, an abstract, methods and conclusion alone do not restrict recall bias. To limit the need for recall itself it would be more desirable to depend on scientific data, as is the most obvious choice. However, research does not provide us with this luxury. Thus, one method to restrict or rule out recall bias is the use of actual exposure status verified through unbiased records (RAPHAEL, 1987). Although this method is most limited as it depends on the unbiased records made available in studies. The initial formatting of questionnaires is another consideration to insure research accuracy and validity scale. A popular form is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory used in studies eliciting self-report responses (RAPHAEL, 1987). The MMPI has demonstrated successful outcomes and limited recall bias with an analytical approach to cross sectional studies. As assertive measurements to evaluate recall bias are in place, ... ...his evaluated? The valuable status collected during the initial emergency room visit presents the most usable information to this study, making this study reportable. Alcohol and drug use remain globally problematic and therefore epidemiological scientists continue to report findings of research in hopes of communicating its findings and finally the overall focus of making a change for the better. . References; BORGES, g. L.-M. (2005). A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AS RISK FACTORS FOR NON-FATAL INJURY. Oxford Journals , 257-262. Hassan, E. (2006). Recall Bias can be a Threat to Retrospective and Prospective Research Designs . . The Internet Journal of Epidemiologyâ„ ¢ ISSN: 1540-2614 . RAPHAEL, K. (1987). Recall Bias: A Proposal for Assessment and Control. International Journal of Epidemiology , 167-171.

Policing Domestic Violence Essay

Domestic violence can be considered to be an act of violence which has been observed to occur in every socio-economic class as well as within all cultures. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive control that one individual intermittently exerts over another by means of spiritual, emotional, sexual, physical or economic abuse (http://www. dvvap. org/i). This form of exploitation has victimized mostly the women and children and men in much fewer cases and it continues to be perpetrated all over the world. In some regions or nations of the world, domestic violence has become a daily occurrence. Domestic violence leads to very drastic effects on the family, especially if perpetrated on both women and children. When this form of violence is done through physical harm, it results to injury, disability or even death in victims. Mental problems that may also occur usually make the victims feel unloved, lonely and have low self-esteem. Depression occurs in many victims of psychological abuse, which in turn may cause severe isolation of the victims from family and friends. Sexual violence and incest are other forms of domestic violence. In some regions of the world, domestic violence causes continue to rise due to patriarchal, cultural and religious traditions, (Human Rights Watch, 2005. , pp 12). All over the world, different governments handle domestic violence in many ways due to differing views on violence Different proposals have been presented to encourage the governments to have certain views on this form of violence. According to Lisa, domestic violence should be treated as a political and public problem. It should also be viewed as a breach of the human rights. It is a violation of human rights which every individual is entitled to. Those who perpetrate actions of violence against the others should be stopped, (Lisa, H. 78-79). Policing domestic violence refers to a scientifically developed application that aims at solving the domestic violence problem. In the past, it has involved testing of hypothesis in relation to the classification, prediction and the domestic violence prevention. Policing domestic violence policing as a tool of solving domestic violence also experiences several challenges as a crime prevention strategy (Hoctor, M. 53). In order to identify more effective policing strategies for domestic violence prevention and control, a culture of science is very necessary where the strategy integrates trial and error as a norm in crime prevention. The domestic violence policing programs aim at offering support to victims of domestic violence while at the same time preventing domestic violence. However, the public has raised concern about the domestic violence public policy. Lawrence et al states that in the past, the public has been concerned about the domestic violence policy. This is because it is sometimes based on ideology and it lacks evidence based on science. The public advocates for an effective domestic violence policing which should be practical and also be implemented appropriately. This would be a very good measure in preventing domestic violence (Lawrence S. et al, 24). In the last decade, police response to domestic violence has been criticized with a claim that the police did not take violence incidents seriously. However, effective measures to curb domestic violence are being developed and implemented through better policing. In this paper, the domestic violence policing issue will be discussed. The ethical stance of domestic violence in policing will be looked at, as well as the police departments’ responsibility of policing. The past system and current issues arising due to violence will be evaluated. Discussion For effective policing in domestic violence, a cultural evolution in policing needs to be developed in order to support the scientific revolution in order to solve the domestic violence problem. The cultural evolution rapid movement requires a growing partnership between the police and criminologists, public health community officers and professional scientists. Coherence of approach by the different police units to domestic violence is promoted by policy statements or documents where the Police officers introduce the policy documents with varying extent and content. With the increasing reports of domestic violence to the police, the police service has been required to utilize their limited resources to improve domestic violence service delivery to the people. Domestic violence is a great concern for the community where the police intervene in many cases. Whenever the police receive an initial call for assistance, it is their responsibility to provide immediate protection to the victim due to the fact that the police have certain powers which allow them to respond to domestic violence incidents. Whether the victims feel confident in contacting the police departments later in future will depend on how the police perform their tasks when the victim makes the initial contact (Lawrence, S. 126). The police have a major role in arresting criminals or offenders with the perpetrators of domestic violence considered as criminals because they undermine the human rights of the victims. The suspects are usually arrested and charged if there is enough evidence of violence against the victim. However, law enforcement officers should ensure that the suspect’s rights are not violated until the truth is established much later as one of the requirement in the police departmental policy. The police forces have domestic violence policy documents which contain written aims and priorities that are expected to assist them either solve, prevent or reduce domestic violence incidents. The policy documents normally contain the domestic violence definition, its implications, as well as guidance about the various police response components. The responsibility to implement domestic violence policies is something that is shared across a range of the police roles. The policies are very vital in protecting domestic violence victims against actions of exploitation such as domestic violence involving withholding of economic resources from a victim. Some children are even denied education through this form of abuse, as well partners who do not work. This denies the victims their basic needs, which is considered unethical and unacceptable. Domestic violence policing prevents this form of exploitation and instead promotes ethical practices in the society. Through policing, public safety problems are defined, analyzed and effective solutions to the problems addressed. Though the society is responsible for propagating ethics, it sometimes undermines the ethics if it allows domestic violence to occur without taking any action. For instance, in patriarchal societies, men are sometimes allowed to completely dominate over women. This had led to lack of knowledge and empowerment in women to speak out against violence, whereby the victims lack the ability to express their views and opinions with those who do not adhere to this being severely punished through domestic violence. Domestic violence policies have been developed to address such cultural practices with the police ensuring that law enforcement in relation to such policies is carried out. The police department should have the responsibility of policing domestic violence in the community because they are law enforcers who are responsible for ensuring law and order is maintained in the society and the human rights are well protected. Preventing and reducing domestic violence is one of the ways in which the human rights of everyone in the community are protected. For instance in Australia, police powers and procedures are well set out in the Crimes Act 1990(Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW, 1999). In addition, the police powers can be found in the police guidelines, referred to as Domestic Violence Standard Operating Procedures. Another example can be seen in the US, where the police department has adopted mandatory arrest policy for domestic violence cases. For spousal violence cases, arrest based on probable cause could be done where the Police officers were allowed to arrest suspects without a warrant as long as the officers had probable cause whether he/she had witnessed the incident or not. This was happening in 23 states of the United States of America by the year 2005 (Hoctor, M. 007) Another reason why the police should participate in domestic violence policing is that, the legislation that protects people from domestic violence in most cases directs the police to intervene in protecting the victims of domestic violence. The police have the power to exercise arrest of criminals or offenders when need be. In policing domestic violence, domestic violence incidents should be stopped as soon as possible making the arrest of offenders by the police an effective means of stopping domestic abuse. This therefore makes it their vital responsibility in policing domestic violence with the responsibility aiming at stopping the conflict, as well as protecting and ensuring the immediate safety for the victims. As law enforcers, the police have a responsibility to ensure criminals are charged in court which mitigates future abuse. The police department receives reports on domestic violence from the community members and then investigates the cases to establish the cause of the abuse, the effects and the victim or offender. After establishing the facts about a case, offenders are charged in court. For instance policies allow police officers to apply for an apprehended violence order (AVO), which guides the judicial process (Lawrence, S. 101). Good police service initiatives in the police departments that enhance awareness in people about violence and service delivery show that they should have a good responsibility in domestic violence policing. The police departments in many nations have instituted the initiatives as a result of their recognition that a high percentage of people in our community are now aware that domestic violence is a crime. These initiatives include, public awareness through advertising campaigns, placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO), specialized training for officers, working with the Attorney General and the development of COPS (Computerized Operational Policing system) to produce statistics relevant to the development of effective domestic violence prevention measures. The initiatives are a good indication of how effective the police department can be in domestic violence policing. The domestic violence issue has attracted widespread public concern, in the past and also in the current world. However, the past system differs with the current system in relation to how policing in domestic violence was/is handled. In the past, the number of domestic violence cases that were reported was fewer than the current number of the cases reported to the police. The continued increase of the reported cases in turn has necessitated the development of measures that will curb the violence effectively. This has led to the development of new measures/policies to address this problem. However, in the past, this problem was not handled with much seriousness as it is now which made the past system less effective in domestic violence policing. Cultural beliefs and practices in the past contributed to continued domestic abuse, because the victims were sometimes convinced that they deserved to be abused. Different societies have changed their beliefs towards domestic violence over time with people become more aware of domestic violence as a crime currently, which has greatly assisted in effective domestic violence policing. People are more willing to speak out about this issue in the modern world as compared to the past years. Modern police service initiatives have enhanced better domestic violence policing as compared to the past system of policing. For instance placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO) in the local areas as a modern initiative has made it easy for people to report violence cases. In addition, offenders are easily apprehended and charged for their offences. In the past, lack of awareness in some victims and the community as a whole in policing encouraged continued abuse because the offender had no action taken against them. Current systems have developed specialized training for officers, which involves training of officers in response to domestic violence and other issues that surround domestic violence. On the other hand, the past systems did not have such training programs. The standard operating procedures (SOP) launching together with the development of computerized operational policing system (COPS) have been very instrumental in adoption of effective domestic violence policing measures in the modern systems (Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW,1999). The domestic violence policing have also experienced several problems. The policing may lack inadequate support which may in turn undermine how effective the policing can be in solving domestic violence. The police officers who handle domestic violence cases have been accused of not providing the involved parties with enough information and sometimes they have an inappropriate attitude towards the victims. In addition, they have shown unsympathetic, rude and indifferent behavior towards the victims. Nevertheless, solutions to these problems have been integrated in domestic violence policing programs to ensure domestic violence is prevented. Though domestic violence prevention measures were present in the past, current measures have been developed to improve on the past strategies

Cdn. Provinces&FederalSystem essays

Cdn. Provinces&FederalSystem essays The Provinces and the Federal System The three areas of federal and provincial relations where decentralization is made evident are as follows: First and foremost is the Judicial Interpretation. When the first Canadian laws were drawn up in1867 Canadas final appeal in constitutional decisions was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England. In section 91 of the 1867 act, in the Peace, Order and Good Government Clause (POGG) all powers in section 92 are left to the federal government. In this section there were 29 examples given of federal power. It was later decided that these examples were real federal government powers and ignored the POGG clause except in time of national emergency. This, as a result of decentralization and the ways certain laws were interpreted, made the difference between federal and provincial jurisdiction. An example of this change would be the Toronto Electric Commissioners vs. Snider, 1925, were the federal legislation to deal with serious strikes was ruled unconstitutional because labour and management relations fall under the matters of property and civil rights which is prov incial jurisdiction and could only be subject to federal legislation if it were an emergency. The second area where decentralization is made evident is in federal and provincial finance. At confederation the federal government was originally given the power to levy all kinds of taxes while the province could only tax directly. As a result of decentralization both government were more or less independent of each other on taxing and spending. An example of this would be the fact that both governments levy their own taxes e.g. corporate and personal tax. Since WWII the levels government of government are becoming more intertwined in federal and provincial financial matters, such as provinces levying a percentage of the federal tax. The third area where decentralization is...

Essay on Benefits of Medical Language

Essay on Benefits of Medical Language Essay on Benefits of Medical Language Benefits of Medical Language Sarah Ruhl’s â€Å"In the Next Room, or the Vibrator Play† offers unique insight regarding the discussion of female sexuality and the concept of Hysteria. During the late 19th century, women were often taught to never speak about their own sexual experiences, and were taught to view any sexual acts (other than those aimed at procreation) as inherently wrong. Hysteria was often diagnosed as proof of the fears regarding female sexuality. In â€Å"In the Next Room, or the Vibrator Play† the female characters and Dr. Givings use medical language to converse openly about sexual acts with connotations appropriate for the time and setting of the play that would have been considered taboo otherwise, therefore highlighting the absurdity and ignorance surrounding female sexuality. Through stigmas engrained in society by diagnoses such as Hysteria, medical language was a single outlet for the women in the play to discover their own sexual iden tity. A new sexual identity emerges throughout the play, specifically in Dr. Givings’ patients, when discussion of their own sexuality moved outside the doctor’s office and into their personal conversations. When speaking to Mrs. Givings about her experience with the vibrator, Mrs. Daldry explains her sensation of an orgasm as â€Å"†¦ you see unaccountable patterns of light, of electricity, under your eyelids – and your heart races – and your legs feel very weak, as though you cannot walk† (Ruhl 114). The language Mrs. Daldry uses is the same language she would have used had she been explaining the sensation to a doctor. â€Å"Unaccountable patterns of light† suggests that the feeling blinded her or affected her vision. This could be interpreted as a symptom rather than an overwhelming sensation from an orgasm. She repeats the word â€Å"electricity† that Dr. Givings previously used to describe how the vibrator moves. By repeat ing a word she heard from the doctor, Mrs. Daldry is emphasizing that the language she is using is appropriate because it was considered appropriate and professional in the setting of a doctor’s office. She then continues to examine that her heart races which is a concern one would raise with their doctor if it happens unnaturally. She is not recognizing the fact that her heart is racing from excitement because that would change the context of which she was trying to explain this new feeling and therefore makes it inappropriate. She ends her statement by saying she feels weak and as if she cannot walk by the end of her treatment. By expressing these new sensations with other women, she is forming a new sexual identity by recognizing the effects of stimulation on her body and relating those feelings to other women. The characters not understanding that they have experienced an orgasm themselves shows the ignorance within the context and characters of the play. All of these references to Mrs. Daldry’s body and how she felt during the examination highlight an intense orgasm, and the audience is aware of that. The fact that a female orgasm was so novel that the women in the play didn’t even have a word to describe the sensation they experienced reiterates the lack of knowledge surrounding female sexuality at the time of the play. Mrs. Daldry could only explain her orgasm in medical terms because she didn’t know any other way of explaining it. By making her words appropriate for polite conversation, she was opening the discussion of her sexuality and inspiring others to do the same. Dr. Givings felt the need to keep his words polite and professional with his own wife when first using the vibrator to experiment with her because his idea of a female orgasm was not fully understood and he worried her natural reactions were perverse. He stated his concerns saying, â€Å"This is what I feared. In a sick woman the device restores balance, but in a healthy woman it makes you excitable and perhaps even causes some perverse kind of onanism† (Ruhl 95). Mrs. Givings discovering

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Network and Internet Security - Essay Example On the other hand, the single key encryption only uses a single secret key for both encryption and decryption of messages. A hybrid of the two that is single key and public key encryption is what the modern encryption model entails to help establish reliable secure sessions. According to De & Yung (2006, 127), session keys help enhance security of a system in cases where two parties have an encrypted connections to third party. By use of these session keys, the third party can deliver keys the other two parties on the encrypted links. Session keys are established by use of Diffie-Hellman key exchange which enables the secret exchange of keys between two users on a communication channel by the use of exchange algorithms. This way of key generation does not required the presence of a central authentication server or any key distribution center. These two users maintain a secured encrypted message through a partial share of information. Some data is privately stored while some is publicly given for the other party to use. Using exchange algorithms, the two parties can use the publicly aired data to encrypt hidden messages from senders on a crowded communication channel (De & Yung 2006, 127). User 1 computes the key using the public data given by user 2 and viceviser. Both calculations will eventually yield similar results indicating a common interpretation. Kerberos V4 uses session keys to help maintain a secured communication protocol (Bao, Deng & Zhou 2004, 30). Kerberos v4 are useful in verifying users at work places who would wish to access services within a network. Session keys use in Kerberos would restrict access only to identified and authorized users and would accurately authenticate requests for uses. These authentication procedures make the use of session keys become very relevant in Kerberos. It will be almost impossible for another side user to communicate with the server since the given session key is

The Weimar Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Weimar Cinema - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  during the era of the Weimar cinema, there was experienced stylistic, economic and cultural transformation in the film industry of Germany. Isenberg’s quote is highly relevant as it higlights the various aspects in which the Weimar cinema impacted on the film industry in Germany. The economic, cultural and stylistic changes encountered at the time have had a profound effect on the history of cinema as practiced in Germany. The Germany film industry in the present day has been thoroughly influenced by the establishments of the Weimar cinema, whose influence is evident in the modern making of films.This report highlights that  The Weimar cinema occurred during the Golden Age of cinema that notably was the silent era of filmmaking in Germany and elsewhere in the world. While the modern day production of films in Germany has advanced tremendously following the technological developments, a lot of credit goes to the Weimar cinema for such advan cement. â€Å"During the Weimar cinema period in Germany, an exceptional variety and number of films were released on various themes that have continued dominating the film industry in Germany and internationally†.  Isenberg’s views are significantly important in pointing to the contuinity of thematic issues in the modern time of filmography as was during the Weimer cinema.  The Weimar cinematography was fundamentally inspired by the sordid politics that surrounded the aftermath of the World War I.

The End of the Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The End of the Cold War - Research Paper Example One of the causes was the fact that they differed a lot in ideologies in that the United Nations was capitalist while the Soviet Union’s was socialist. The United Nations was ruled by democracy and they valued freedom, while the Soviet Union was under dictatorial rule where the interests of the state were put first as opposed to those for individuals. This led to the two nations having too many differences as each was antagonistic to the other. In the communist they were ruled majority being oppressed by the minority. On the other hand the capitalist had freedom of liberty, expression and speech, and they were free from political oppression. The other factor that contributed to the fallout between the two former allies was the resentments of the history whereby United States had joined with Britain in 1918 and tried to tear down the Russian revolution and so the Soviet Union feared the same to happen again. On the other had the United States did not forget the Nazi-soviet pact that Stalin had signed with Germany in 1939. This led to a lot of strain to their relationship which led the two becoming rivals (Harper, 46). The other cause of the cold war was differing aims. This was attributed in the fact that the USSR wanted huge compensations from Germany to create other more friendly nations to protect itself from being hit once again. On the contrary the United Nations wanted to protect democracy and also wanted to help Germany to recover from the effects of the world war. Having too many differing ideologies between the two they never trusted one another and viewed everything in a different way thus making it inevitable for the cold war. The other cause of the cold war was the remarks made by Churchill Winston who was a British leader and also an anti-communist. Given the political climate his speech tensions rose which further worsened the relationship between the two. He said â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an â€Å"Iron Cu rtain† has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow† (Harper, 54). The two nations had never been involved in any conflicts but with all those challenges in their relationships made them develop enmity. It was evident in that the two were no longer friends and they eventually started developing bombs which were meant for each other though it was indirectly. In 1949 the first atomic bomb was developed by the soviet unions and that showed that the enmity had escalated to another level. Another cause why the United States of America was involved in the war was due to the undisclosed telegram sent by German ambassador then in Mexico by Germany ambassador, asking Mexico to assail America from the north. Germany promised Mexico that they could retriev e their lost provinces, including Arizona and Texas. Afterwards, Wilson urged the Congress to employ the rule of armed neutrality. They sent merchant ships to secure their boundaries in opposition to their opponents. They also connected the war due to terror of economic despair if the allied power lost. United States had role to enhance free trade, democracy and peaceful coexistence. America finally became part of the cold

Symbolism, Central Conflict and Character Essay Example for Free

Symbolism, Central Conflict and Character Essay August Wilson’s Fences remains as one of the most renowned play until now because of its good facility to discuss intricate social issues about the African Americans coupled with carefully designed literary devices such as symbolisms and metaphors. The play tackles about the queer and complicated life of African American Troy Maxson, the protagonist of the story, a former baseball player star in the Negro League who becomes a garbage lifter in the sanitary department. Among the central conflicts that the play has successfully portrayed is the wide discrimination of the Whites to the African Americans even though slavery has already totally eliminated in their way of life. Through the characterization of Troy and his friend Bono, the coming of age within the cycle of damaged Black Americans’ manhood is perfectly discussed in the play. Troy and are portrayed in the story as individuals with problematic childhood days due to their cruel and oppressive fathers. Troy’s father is described as an evil that no woman stayed with him for a long time and this makes Troy grew up almost motherless. His father even raped the girl he loves just only to give Troy a lesson for his disobedience. Bono, likewise, had experienced difficulty with regards to his father who is described as a man who prevents to stay in one place for long and moves often from one woman to another. Unlike Troy, Bono did not feel the fathering role that Troy’s father provided to his children. Through the characterizations of Troy and Bono, the idea of the Blacks about becoming a man was carefully revealed. For the Africans during that time, becoming a man means leaving the man that raised them due to a violent conflict. Troy and Bono achieved their manhood when they left their abusive and cruel fathers and started to live their own lives. Another characterization that adds to the portrayal of the wide discrimination among the African Americans because of the color of their skin, in addition, is the type of job that Troy and Bono have. The setting of the story tells that the Blacks had already escaped from the cruelty of slavery. Nevertheless, even though slavery was totally vanished in their way of life, the Africans are still subjected to injustices in the society. For instance, the play portrays Troy and Bono as garbage lifters in the sanitary department, the job that is considered only for the Black Americans. Even though Troy was promoted in the later part of the story, there is still an implied discrimination among them since Troy had to work hard just only to become a truck driver of the garbage collector. The play portrays how the Africans are discriminated during that time as they hold menial jobs working as domestic servants, sharecroppers, maritime workers, common laborers and farmers (Shannon 20). Likewise, wide discrimination among colors is perfectly justified when Troy is ignored in the field baseball because he is a Black. Their race is being discriminated even in the sports that everybody should enjoy. Furthermore, the story exposes the backward, racial, ignorant, and unjust ways of the Old South through the traits and attitudes shared by the main protagonist of the play. Troy is described as an irresponsible father through the various symbolisms and metaphors present in the plot of the story. The train where Troy rides going back to Rose symbolizes his hope to change his life but also reveals his weakness as a man who committed infidelity with a woman named Alberta. Troy even asked Rose to take care of Raynell, the fruit of his sin with Alberta. Another symbolism that adds to the negative portrayal of the Blacks is the unfinished fence around the backyard of Troy’s family. The unfinished fence, symbolizes Troy’s laziness and lack of commitment to marriage. Troy, aside from being impure in their relationship, does like want to marry Rose since he is afraid of commitment. Moreover, the house itself of Troy’s family is also a metaphor of Troy’s imperfection. Aside from being the symbol of his pride, since providing a house means responsible fathering to a family, the house of Troy is also the object of shame because it was built from the perspiration of Gabriel Maxson, his brother who was given check as casualty of the World War II. Apart from the negative implications about the Africans, there are also scenes in the story which give a hint about the brighter side of the characters in the story. Rose, the wife of Troy, epitomizes the unconditional love that a woman can ever give to a man. In the play, Rose wants to finish the fence around their backyard because the fence for Rose symbolizes the security and commitment of her love to Troy. Rose wants their family, amidst the hardships and difficulties, to be reunited and secured with enduring love and relationship. Another invincible act that Rose has done is her acceptance of the child Raynell who epitomizes the sin and infidelity of her husband Troy. Rose, by accepting the child, indeed sacrificed her hatred for the sin that her husband committed. Another good implication about the Africans as portrayed in the story is their hope to become a responsible father amidst their personal limitations and problems. Troy’s father, eve though described as cruel and abusive, shows a responsible fathering to his children since he did not left them in the absence of their mother. Likewise, Troy somehow served as a responsible father when he owned the responsibility of taking care for Raynell. Despite his bad implications as head of the family, he still managed to become a justified father since he never left and ignored his family. Amidst the problems that they encountered, Troy still managed to be with his family unlike the father of Bono who keeps on moving from one woman to another. In total, August Wilson Fences is to be considered as a great work of art since it illuminates important issues about the African Americans through the successful facility of literary devices such as symbolisms and metaphors. Works Cited Shannon, Sandra Garrett. August Wilson’s Fences. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.